Showing posts with label apologetics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label apologetics. Show all posts

Tuesday, October 8, 2013

"Prove God Exists!" OK



Yes, the Bible reveals to humanity that the earth hangs on nothing (Job 26:7) and is a sphere (Isaiah
evidence theism proof40:22). Scripture declared these facts thousands of years before telescopes and modern science discovered them. God’s word instructs His people how to wash their hands which would help ward off infections and disease (Leviticus 15:13). God’s word declared to humanity the proper function of the water cycle (Job 38:12-14), the existence of ocean currents (Psalms 8:8), the solar cycle, and the expansion of the universe (Isaiah 40:22) centuries before modern science discovered these truths. These facts are consistent with the authority of the Bible.

Facts and other evidence do not endow the Bible with authority; it is endowed with it because it is God’s word; furthermore science, testing, and examination presuppose biblical revelation. Testing utilizes a number of disciplines, such as the application of the laws of reason and induction. A pure materialistic worldview cannot justify the existence or the use of the laws of reason; these changeless norms are immaterial universals for they come from the nature of the changeless God. We have sure knowledge that the God of scripture lives. We do not think He probably exists; our faith is not just reasonable or plausible. It is impossible for the true and living God not to exist, because without Him, in principle, we can know nothing at all. He is the obligatory truth condition for all knowledge since he provides the pre-environment required for the laws of reason unavoidably utilized in all knowledge pursuits.

God Is the Foundation of All Reality
It is open to the theist . . . to suppose that it is a divine intention that human cognitive abilities are disposed to modalize reliably in accordance with modal fact. In this way, there can be a tie between modal fact and human modal judgments that plausibly accords with the proper function of human cognition while preserving the integrity of the purely natural causal processes generating such judgments. Our typical naturalist will be scandalized at this Leibnizian solution, but can he do any better? (Timothy O’Connor, p. 129).
Consider the following syllogism:
1. The God of scripture is the foundation of all reality or reality is unintelligible.
2. Reality is intelligible.
3. Therefore, God is the foundation of reality.

The consequence of asserting that God does not exist is that the world becomes unintelligible and unknowable; a non-theistic worldview lacks the explanatory power required for intelligibility because it fails to account for immutable universals required to explain anything. But the proposition that the world is unintelligible is impossible because it is self-defeating. If the world is unintelligible and unknowable, then that statement itself would be unintelligible and unknowable, hence self-voiding and false. Moreover, since God is immutable with universal reach, He is the ground and foundation of knowledge forasmuch as he provides the epistemic environment necessary for universal immutables (laws of logic, moral absolutes, etc.) required for knowledge.
A Combative Anti-theist

Harry Blaimires points out that “No one can pretend [the Old and the New Testament are not] there. Everyone who is concerned with the meaning of life and the destiny of the human race will have to take [them] into account.” God’s word declares that life must revolve around Him. We must have no other gods before Him. All men have a destiny that will find its consummation at the judgment seat of Christ. Their life will end one day and they will give an account for it. This truth must constantly remain in front of our eyes. We should live and move before the face of God; that is our duty and our joy.

Eminent atheist Michael Martin pontificates that “belief in the incarnation is clearly unjustified. Not only is the evidence for the incarnation lacking, but it is incoherent and conceptually problematic.” On the surface, his statement philosophically can raise problems for the Christian theist; yet his atheistic worldview that he reposes upon is more than problematic. Martin cannot even account for the reality of evidence or the discovery of apparent problems. He must stand on the Christian worldview to discuss evidence and problems. Christianity has a justified basis for the evaluation of evidence and the intelligent identification of problems; non-theism falls short. An atheism that is conjoined to materialism—the belief that all reality is composed only of physical material—lacks the ontic resource to account for knowledge. Consequently the avowal of materialism is not itself made of anything material. The atheist’s view cannot support or justify itself. Materialistic atheism is an immaterial system that teaches that the immaterial does not exist. Thus it pops its own philosophical balloon. By claiming to be a pure materialist, one is actually assenting to anti-materialism.

God Completes All That He Begins
Thus says the LORD, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, the LORD of hosts: “I am the First and I am the Last; beside Me, there is no God. And who can proclaim as I do? Then let him declare it and set it in order for Me. … Let them show these to them. Do not fear, nor be afraid; have I not told you from that time, and declared it? You are My witnesses. Is there a God besides Me? I have declared the former things from the beginning; They went forth from My mouth, and I caused them to hear it. Suddenly I did them, and they came to pass. … Even from the beginning I have declared it to you; before it came to pass I proclaimed it to you. … You have heard; see all this. And will you not declare it? … Come near to Me, hear this: I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, I was there. And now the Lord GOD and His Spirit have sent Me. Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am the LORD your God” (Isaiah 44:6-8; 48:3-20).
Another area of proof is the Messianic prophecies fulfilled by Jesus Christ. The Tanakh (Old Testament) foretold the coming of the Messiah in exact detail. The text, written centuries before the coming of Jesus, prophesied over three hundred facts about Him. No other founder of any religion can provide a similar record of his life written centuries before his birth. Religious founders like Joseph Smith, Mary Baker Eddy, David Koresh, Muhammad, and Buddha cannot supply a widely transmitted, preexisting record that accurately prophesied the details of their lives. The three hundred clear prophecies of the coming Messiah were ordained by God. The Lord revealed historical facts about the coming of Jesus prior to His birth. All these prophecies came to pass in the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. Christ’s virgin birth was foretold about seven hundred years before He was born: “So, the Lord Himself shall give you a sign. Behold, the virgin will conceive and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call His name Emmanuel” (Isaiah 7:14). His place of birth was foretold: “And you, Bethlehem…out of you He shall come forth to Me, to become Ruler in Israel, He whose goings forth have been…from eternity” (Micah 5:2). The exact date of His entry in Jerusalem was foretold in the book of Daniel. God revealed the coming of Palm Sunday: “Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, lowly and riding on a donkey, a colt, the foal of a donkey” (Zechariah 9:9).
He is despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid, as it were, our faces from Him; He was despised, and we did not esteem Him. Surely He has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed Him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. But He was wounded for our transgressions; He was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement for our peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned everyone to his own way; And the LORD has laid on Him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed, and He was afflicted, yet He opened not His mouth; He was led as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before its shearers is silent, so He opened not His mouth. He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who will declare His generation? For He was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgressions of My people He was stricken. And they made His grave with the wicked—but with the rich at His death, because He had done no violence, nor was any deceit in His mouth. Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief. When you make His soul an offering for sin…My righteous Servant shall justify many, for He shall bear their iniquities. … And He bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors (Isaiah 53:3-12).
In addition, Christ’s death on the cross was foretold before that form of execution was even invented--Psalms 22:1-16 announced the crucifixion hundreds of years before it happened: “I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised by the people. All who see me laugh me to scorn; they shoot out the lip; they shake the head, saying, He trusted on the LORD; let Him deliver him; let Him rescue him, since He delights in him! … I am poured out like water, and all my bones are spread apart; my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels and you have brought me into the dust of death. For dogs have circled around me; the band of spoilers have hemmed me in, they pierced my hands and my feet.” This evidence is overwhelming. Moreover, the truth is even more definite and compelling than great blocks of evidence one might compile to prove the facts of Christianity. The argument for Jesus Christ is sure: Without God, one cannot provide the necessary a priori truth conditions for reason, facts, evidence, and the analysis thereof.

An unknown author tells the story of a secular psychologist, Jewish by race, who, on hearing the prophecy of Christ’s passion and death (Isaiah 52:13-53:12), answered: “What’s so impressive about that? Anyone standing at the foot of the cross could have written that.” He was amazed to learn that the passage had been written centuries before Jesus’ crucifixion. That was the beginning of the end of his secularism. Today that doctor is a Christian.

To learn more about proof for Christianity and the foundation (God) required to analyze any evidence see my eBook The Sure Existence of God: Assured Proof for Christianity HERE

Friday, September 13, 2013

Video Trailer: Killing Christ: An Apologetics Approach


Check out the short video trailer of my new book:



Check out my book Killing Christ HERE





"Killing Jesus Christ" the Book

In present-day literature, of all the themes written about the life and death of Jesus Christ, none
death of christ book
have recurred more frequently than the “historical Jesus.” Naturalistically inclined authors claim the New Testament picture is not reliable, we've been told again and again [see Killing Christ book HERE].

But this snubs the obvious truth. Christ’s life and death are best known through first century Jewish accounts (the New Testament) and not contemporary occidental scholarship. The truth flows from one’s core convictions and makes no sense if severed from the presuppositions that give it force.

To understand the historical content of Christ’s death and life, start with the writers of His period who spoke His language within His culture.

Indeed, early Christianity was basically a movement of disenfranchised Jews who placed great emphasis on human sin and the need of divine redemption. The wickedness involved in the execution of Christ we can recognize and know. Besides, the tragic nature of the crucifixion of Jesus was foreordained to forever solve the problem of sin as it alleviates human condemnation.
This volume aims to correct slurs, while simultaneously positing positive evidence and rational proof that the Gospels reveal the truth about the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Bill O’ Reilly, Skeptics, and Killing Jesus

Bill O’ Reilly, author of Killing Lincoln and Killing Kennedy, declared that Jesus merely started “a philosophy”1 and much of the biblical narratives are allegorical and symbolic—not real history. He also suggested that Christians do not worship Jesus Christ but worship the “spirit of Jesus.”2 He’s convinced that Christ’s main undertaking was to teach men how to live. I have no doubt that Christ’s moral teaching is as important as it is profound, yet His primary mission was to die to set men free. Many other skeptics and liberals have mounted quests for the historical Jesus and have landed not far from where O’ Reilly takes his readers. Ultimately the Bible holds, as the skeptics have found nothing. But skeptics will continue to publish books about their new theories on the life and death of Christ even though we have an infallible account of Christ in the New Testament.

Beyond Bill O’ Reilly, few disbelieving sleuths believe that Jesus Christ died for the ungodly (Romans 4:5) and rose from the grave in victory (1 Corinthians 15:1-4). I do. And not only that, I know with full certainty. Some contend Christ was a good teacher who died because of a tragic set of accidents. Still a few others say that Christ never existed, thus never died.

Of course, theories abound in cases of history were evidence is scarce. But as the reader will discover, there exists not only deep layers of historical data for the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, there are potent logical reasons why such must be the case.

My objective is to lay out the evidence for the truth of the Gospel’s narratives and demonstrate that theories by skeptics (O’ Reilly, Aslan, etc.) not only have several faults, but what they pen, when it is inconsistent with the scriptural accounts of Christ, cannot possibly be true. I will argue:  

  • God is.
  • His word has been revealed.
  • Scripture reveals the truth about Christ’s arrest, trial, crucifixion, death, and resurrection; the contrary is impossible.

Indeed, Jesus Christ died. He was crucified. Nevertheless, His illegal execution was merely the beginning of a comprehensive transformation in history. Since Jesus’ death and resurrection, it often appears that the kingdom of man and the kingdom of God have traded places. Christ's outlook, however, was a bold and challenging assurance. The kingdom Jesus launched is the one we still see expanding today.
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NOTES









Sunday, September 1, 2013

New Book: Killing Christ: Contesting Trendy Critics Regarding The Death and Resurrection of Jesus



killing Jesus book
Killing Christ: Contesting Trendy Critics Regarding The Death and Resurrection of Jesus by Mike Robinson

An extraordinary conspiracy of injustice, cruelty, as well as religious and political interests sentenced an innocent man to the cruelest method of execution ever developed. Yet, the target was no mere victim, He was the Redeemer. Jesus as God and man came to die in the place of humanity. The Bible, Talmud, Mishnah, and Roman historians reveal that the Son of God was illegally arrested, tried, and executed. 
 
How did such a thing come to be? Who were the spectators, the authorities, frauds, and scoundrels? Why was Christ’s arrest illegal under Hebrew law? What was it like at Gethsemane during the arrest, or in the chambers of the chief priest as the interrogations of Jesus took place? What can an apologetics approach, using Hebraic sources, tell us about the meaning of the last words Jesus uttered on the cross? With the massive amount of evidence for the resurrection of Christ, why can we go beyond probability to full certainty that Christ is risen? Killing Christ: Contesting Trendy Critics Regarding The Death and Resurrection of Jesus will answer those questions in a way that will keep the pages turning.
In Killing Christ, Robinson invites you to experience the most stunning injustice in the history of civil law, conjoined to the supreme triumph of the power of God, and the redemption provided by the death of Christ. The author provides a chronological examination that includes a detailed look at everything from rabbinical law to Roman justice to Christ's courtroom declarations of His divinity. This new volume furnishes a readable examination and analysis of the indictments, preliminary proceedings, trials, and execution of Jesus—great for apologetics and the defense of the faith.

 Killing Christ reveals the truth about:
 
  • The Arrest of Jesus Christ
  • The Various Trials of Christ: An Apologetic Approach
  • The Errors of the Trendy Critics (Bill O’Reilly, Reza Aslan, Bart Ehrman, etc.)
  • The First Good Friday and Its Redemptive Provision
  • The Ancient Rabbinic, Roman, and Non-biblical Historical Accounts
  • The Proof of the Resurrection of Christ: The Facts within an Assured Rational Framework
  • Who Really Killed Jesus?
  • The Evidence of The Historicity of Christ’s Life, Death, and Resurrection

With all the skeptical assaults on the meaning of the death, life, and resurrection of Christ, this innovative volume is a must for every Christian, minister, and apologist—it will be a book that you will give away many times to friends. This is so because it is serious (it contains informed analysis of relevant biblical truths), rational (it is well-argued), potent (it holds the reader's attention through gripping illustrations), and spiritual (it will set you ablaze for God).

The publication of Killing Christ is indeed an event. What is intended here is an account of the arrest, trials, death, and resurrection of Christ which does justice to the full sweep of biblical testimony and the ancient historical sources (the Talmud, Mishnah, Targums, Dead Sea Scrolls, and Roman archives). What is accomplished is something on the order of a vigorous defense of Christian truth—an appropriation of the data, evidence, and facts within a synthesis of the foundational necessity of Christian theism.

Killing Christ is a valuable resource for students of the gospels, and a highly stimulating volume for all interested in Christian truth. The section on the harmony of the Gospel accounts, regarding the trials and crucifixion, alone makes this a valuable tool for apologetics. It will be hard to come away from this book without a feeling of having been enriched and challenged. This is a book that will be formative for average Christians and scholars as well as students and pastors—the author is clear, accessible and passionate.

Mike Robinson, author of dozens of books on apologetics, the long-time pastor of Christ Covenant Church and instructor at CCBS.

The Ground for Truth and Actuality: God is Necessary



The Foundation for Knowledge and Reality: God

Mike Robinson
Granbury, Texas



Introduction

The truth of Christianity is understood and proved by way of truth and presupposition. The Christian must uphold Scripture as the ultimate source of light and knowledge—all light and knowledge stem from God. The assured proof of Christian theism: except a man build upon its ontic ground as he presupposes the truth that flows from God, in principle, there is no proof of anything. Christian theism is proved as the ontological ground of the very notion of evidence and proof.




In your light do we see light (Psalm 36:9)

Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth: δῶς μοι πᾶ στῶ καὶ τὰν γᾶν κινάσω (Archimedes of Syracuse: Greek mathematician).[1]


According to Pappus, Archimedes exclaimed in relation to the ability of the lever: "Give to me a place where I may stand and I will move the earth." He only needed a place to set the lever's fulcrum and it would be possible to move anything, including the earth. And this is the case when it comes to knowledge— including mathematics and science. The Archimedean locus of reference is an ontological truth required to rest one’s knowledge (epistemological) pursuits. What is needed is a first principle that has the ontological endowment to not only ground knowledge, but to account for it and its preconditions.

The Fall and Its Epistemic Effect

The fall brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery. … The sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell consists in the guilt of Adam's first sin, the want of original righteousness, and the corruption of his whole nature, which is commonly called original sin; together with all actual transgressions which proceed from it.[2]

The fall of man recorded in Genesis plunged men into a state of moral corruption, depravity, and hopelessness. The noetic effects of sin affected man’s thinking which resulted in futility of mind and darkness of heart (Ephesians 4:17-18; Romans 1). Because of this futile mindset, men attempt to build their knowledge enterprise without an ontological ground that has the capacity to carry the required epistemic load. The loss of the immovable point of reference, in principle, leaves the ungodly devoid of a resource necessary to construct the knowledge enterprise. Without God, one cannot hoist the necessary a priori operation features of knowledge.

God is the Necessary Upoluposis

God … knows all things (1 John 3:20).

All things are properly said to be … supernaturally through infinite power (as from the terminus a quo and by the way of creation).[3]

The argument for Christianity must therefore be that of presupposition. With Augustine it must be maintained that God’s revelation is the sun from which all other light derives. The best, the only, the absolutely certain proof of the truth of Christianity is that unless its truth be presupposed there is no proof of anything. Christianity is proved as being the very foundation of the idea of proof itself.[4]


The Christian worldview supplies the fixed ontic platform as the sufficient truth condition that can justify induction, immutable universals, and the uniformity of the physical world. But materialistic atheism lacks such a fixed ontic platform and necessary truth condition. Consequently, it fails to provide the sufficient ground required to justify science and the investigation of the natural world. The true and living God subsists and accounts for the intricate and distinct interconnection of the particulars in the united cosmos. That is the reason many theologians have mused, “I believe in order that I may understand.” Van Til uses this illustration:

We cannot prove the existence of the beams underneath the floor if by proof you mean that they must be ascertainable in a way that we can see the chairs and the tables of the room. But the very idea of the floor as a support for the tables and chairs requires the idea of beams underneath. But there would be no floor if no beams were underneath. Thus there is absolute certain proof for the existence of God... Even non-Christians presuppose its truth while they verbally reject it. They need to presuppose the truth of Christianity to account for their own accomplishments.[5]

Atheism is impossible. When anyone attempts to escape the truth that God exists, he falls in a trap he cannot escape. This point is well made in Van Til’s fantastic illustration of a man made of water, who is trying to climb out of the watery ocean by means of a ladder made of water. He cannot get out of the water for he has nothing to stand on. Without God, one cannot make sense of anything. The atheist has nothing to stand on (an ontic Archimedean locus of reference) and he lacks a rational apparatus to scale; an epistemic ladder that would allow him to view reality with clarity.

Only divine revelation has the epistemic authority to “trump” our natural intuitions about what is metaphysically possible and what is not.[6]

Therefore do not seek to understand in order to believe, but believe that thou mayest understand.[7]

Since God is the truth condition who has the ontological heft to carry the knowledge freight (knowledge and all the multitudinous tacit conditions it requires) the fear of the Lord paves the way for understanding epistemic issues and rights. The Lord is our ultimate commitment and the explanation of the method is governed by the assurance the God lives and is revealed by Christ. Yes, human depravity has made humanity’s autonomous reason incapable of anchoring its knowledge claims to anything immutable and objectively true. One needs God. God is the objective being with immutability and universal reach as attributes.

Bible is God’s Word

The conception of God is necessary for the intelligible interpretation of any fact.[8]

God’s revelation of Himself in the 66 books of the Bible is the only valid escape from the skepticism that would otherwise logically result from the necessary, interdependence of metaphysics with epistemology. God’s revelation of Himself in Scripture provides not only ultimate epistemic grounding, but also gives the necessary metaphysical content for the foundation of all of man’s intellectual and spiritual pursuits.[9]

Hundreds of actual incidents of prophetic fulfillment support the claim that the Bible is the Word of God (Isaiah 41:22-27; 42:8-9;44:7-8,24-28; 45:18-21; 46:10-11; 48:3-7). Only God has all the necessary attributes that give Him the infallible ability to forecast the future and to bring His forecasts to fulfillment. Christ Himself fulfilled over three hundred distinct Old Testament predictions including: His virgin birth in Bethlehem (Isaiah 7:14; Micah 5:3), His ministry as the Son of God in Galilee (Isaiah 9:1-10), His entrance in Jerusalem on a donkey (Zechariah 9), His crucifixion (Psalm 22:16; Isaiah 53), and hundreds of additional predictions that were fulfilled in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Beyond the concrete proof that fulfilled prophecy provides is the truth that all proof—proof of anything—requires God. It is more than difficult to prove anything, apart from Christian presuppositions, including the notion that there is a material world. Non-theists must attempt to prove such obvious truths apart from Christian presuppositions in order to make their case, but this leaves them without the required immutable universals. This is a problem that continuously appears when one attempts to prove anything without the necessary universal operational features of reason that only Christian theism provides. Such atheistic pursuits are not merely exceedingly difficult, but impossible within atheistic materialism.

·        The Bible is the Word of God.
·        It is impossible to prove that it is not the Word of God.
·        There is proof that God revealed Himself in the Bible.
·        Therefore, the Bible is the Word of God.

God and His revealed word supply men their only possible ground with the explanatory clout needed to account for human experience. The ontological barrenness of atheistic materialism is just one reason the Christian should never grant the natural man the right to determine the criteria for testing truth claims— atheistic materialism lacks an ontology with even a shard of explanatory power. Thus the Christian is to press the atheistic materialist’s failing and then drive him to the cross through the holy chastisements of the Law of God. God in Christ, through the power of the cross and resurrection, is the answer for everything men need.

Conclusion

Christianity rests upon God and His Revelation as the ontic Archimedean locus of reference for knowledge and proof. Christianity knows that all proof must, in principle, come from God as the source of light and knowledge. The sure proof of the Christian worldview: one must build upon its ontic ground if one is to have truth or proof. Christian theism is proved as the ontological ground required for the concepts of evidence and proof.


For more see my innovative Apologetics eBook Truth and the Reason for God HERE


1.       Pappus of Alexandria, Collection, Book VIII, Google Books.
2.       Westminster Shorter Catechism: Answers 17-18.
3.       Francis Turretin, Institutes of Elenctic Theology, P & R.
4.       Cornelius Van Til: The Defense of the Faith, P & R.
5.       Ibid.
6.       James Anderson: Paradox in Christian Theology. Paternoster.
7.       Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John Tractate XXIX on John 7:14-18, 6. A Select Library of the Nicene And Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church Volume VII by St. Augustine, chapter VII (1888) trans. Philip Schaff.
8.       Greg Bahnsen: Van Til’s Apologetic, P & R.
9.       Steve Hays: Triablogue 6/30/20.




Bibliography

 
              •  Archimedes of Syracuse (1999). Archimedes of Syracuse. The MacTutor History of Mathematics.
              •  Bahnsen, Greg (1996).  Always Ready, Covenant Media.
              •  Bahnsen (1998). Van Til’s Apologetic, P & R.
              •  Charnock, Stephen. ([1684], 2000), The Existence and Attributes of God, Baker Books.
              •  Frame, John (1987). The Doctrine of the Knowledge of God, P & R.
•  Engel, S. Morris (1994). With Good Reason, St. Martins.
• Frame, John (1987). The Doctrine of the Knowledge of God, P & R.
• Garson, James (2006). Modal Logic for Philosophers. Cambridge.
• Girle, Rod (2000). Modal Logic and Philosophy, McGill.
• Goble, Lou (2001). The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell.
• Hays, Steve (2011). Common Objections to Christianity, Monergism.
• Hughes, G.E. (1995). A new Introduction to Modal Logic, Routledge.
• Hunter, Geoffrey (1973). Metalogic, Campus.
• Lambert, Karel (1991). Philosophical Applications of Free Logic, Oxford.
• Lewis, C.I. (1946). An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation., Open Court..        
• Lonergan, Bernard (1970). Insight, Philosophical Library.
• Plantinga, Alvin (2000). Warranted Christian Belief, Oxford Univ. Press.
• Poythress, Vern (1976). Philosophy, Science, and the Sovereignty of God, P & R.
• Quine, W.V.O. (1993). Pursuit of Truth, Harvard University Press.
• Stern, Robert (2000). Transcendental Arguments and Skepticism, Oxford University Press.
• Strawson, P.F. (1966). The Bounds of Sense, Methuen & Co.
• Stroud, Barry (1968). Transcendental Arguments, Journal of Philosophy 65.
• Tarski, Alfred (1961). Introduction to Logic. Dover.
• Turretin, Francis (1992). Institutes of Elenctic Theology. P & R.
              • Van Til, (1980). Survey of Christian Epistemology, P & R.
• Van Til, (2007). Introduction to Systematic Theology, P & R.